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TRANSLATION

ଅନୁବାଦ | English–Odia Grammar Notes

✨ 1. Introduction to Translation

Translation is the art of rendering meaning from one language (Source Language) into another (Target Language).

ଅନୁବାଦ ହେଉଛି ଗୋଟିଏ ଭାଷାର (ମୂଳ ଭାଷା) ଅର୍ଥକୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଭାଷାରେ (ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ଭାଷା) ସ୍ଥାନାନ୍ତର କରିବାର କଳା।

📌 Remember: Good translation requires a proper understanding of:

• Meaning of the source text
• Grammar of both languages
• Sentence structure of both languages
• Context and intended meaning

ଭଲ ଅନୁବାଦ ପାଇଁ ମୂଳ ପାଠ୍ୟର ଅର୍ଥ, ଉଭୟ ଭାଷାର ବ୍ୟାକରଣ ଓ ବାକ୍ୟରଚନାକୁ ଠିକ୍‌ଭାବେ ବୁଝିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ।

📖 Source Language

ଭାଷା ଯେଉଁଠାରୁ ଅନୁବାଦ କରାଯାଏ।

Example: Odia

🎯 Target Language

ଭାଷା ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଅନୁବାଦ କରାଯାଏ।

Example: English

🔄 2. Translation Process

① First Step – Understand

Understand the meaning of the source text.

👉 ମୂଳ ପାଠ୍ୟର ଅର୍ଥକୁ ଠିକ୍‌ଭାବେ ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ।

② Second Step – Analyse

Identify the grammatical structure.

👉 Parts of Speech, Subject–Verb–Object ର କ୍ରମ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରନ୍ତୁ।

③ Third Step – Translate

Render the meaning accurately in the target language with correct grammar.

👉 ସଠିକ୍‌ ବ୍ୟାକରଣ ସହିତ ଅର୍ଥକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ଭାଷାରେ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରନ୍ତୁ।

🧠 3. Important Grammar Awareness

🔹 A. Parts of Speech

English	ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Subject	କର୍ତ୍ତା
Verb	କ୍ରିୟା
Object	କର୍ମ
Adverb	କ୍ରିୟାବିଶେଷଣ
Adjective	ବିଶେଷଣ
Preposition	ପଦାନ୍ୱୟୀ ଅବ୍ୟୟ
Conjunction	ସଂଯୋଜକ
Interjection	ବିସ୍ମୟାଦିବୋଧକ

🔹 B. Analyse the Tense

• Recognise the tense of the sentence.
• Understand its structure.
• Use the correct tense while translating.

👉 ବାକ୍ୟର କାଳକୁ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରି ତାହାର ଗଠନକୁ ବୁଝିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ।

🔹 C. Other Important Grammar Rules

• ✅ Subject–Verb Agreement — କର୍ତ୍ତା–କ୍ରିୟା ସମନ୍ୱୟ
• ✅ Sequence of Tenses — କାଳର କ୍ରମ
• ✅ Articles & Determiners
• ✅ Adverbs & Adjectives
• ✅ Prepositions
• ✅ Nouns & Pronouns
• ✅ Conjunctions & Interjections
• ✅ Modals
• ✅ Reported Speech
• ✅ Active & Passive Voice

📝 4. Sentence Types

🔵 Simple
ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ

🟣 Compound
ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ବାକ୍ୟ

🟢 Complex
ଜଟିଳ ବାକ୍ୟ

👤 5. Identification of Subject

Subject is the doer of the action.

କର୍ତ୍ତା ହେଉଛି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରୁଥିବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ବା ବସ୍ତୁ।

❓ Question: Who is doing the action?
ଓଡ଼ିଆ: କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କିଏ କରୁଛି?

📌 Examples

ରାମ ସ୍କୁଲ ଯାଉଛି।
Ram is going to school.
👉 Ram = Subject

ସେମାନେ ଗୀତ ଗାଆନ୍ତି।
They sing songs.
👉 They = Subject

⚡ 6. Identification of Verb

A verb is a word that shows an action, an occurrence, or a state of being.

କ୍ରିୟା ହେଉଛି ଏକ ଶବ୍ଦ ଯାହା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ, ଘଟଣା କିମ୍ବା ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ଦର୍ଶାଏ।

🏃 Action Verbs

She runs fast. → ସେ ଦ୍ରୁତ ଦୌଡ଼େ।

I eat rice. → ମୁଁ ଭାତ ଖାଏ।

They write letters. → ସେମାନେ ଚିଠି ଲେଖନ୍ତି।

🛠️ Helping / Auxiliary / Modal Verbs

He is a doctor. → ସେ ଜଣେ ଡାକ୍ତର।

I will go to school. → ମୁଁ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟକୁ ଯିବି।

She has eaten mangoes. → ସେ ଆମ୍ବ ଖାଇଛି।

They can swim. → ସେମାନେ ପହଁରିପାରନ୍ତି।

🎯 7. Object (କର୍ମ)

The object is the word or group of words that receives the action of the verb.

କର୍ମ ହେଉଛି ସେହି ଶବ୍ଦ ବା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଚ୍ଛ ଯାହା କ୍ରିୟାର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରେ।

Example:
I read a book.

❓ What do I read?
👉 a book = Object

📚 8. Types of Objects

1️⃣ Direct Object — ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ କର୍ମ

Answers “What?” or “Whom?” after the verb.

I read a book.
👉 What do I read? → a book

2️⃣ Indirect Object — ପରୋକ୍ଷ କର୍ମ

Tells to whom or for whom the action is done.

She gave me a gift.
👉 To whom did she give a gift? → me

3️⃣ Object of a Preposition

It comes after a preposition and completes its meaning.

He is waiting for the bus.
👉 bus = Object of the preposition for

⭐ QUICK REVISION ⭐

SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT

👤 Who? → ⚡ Does what? → 🎯 What/Whom?

💡 Student Memory Trick

SUBJECT = Who does the action? 👤

VERB = What is the action/state? ⚡

OBJECT = Who/What receives the action? 🎯

Ram reads a book.

👤 Ram   +   ⚡ reads   +   🎯 a book

📖 ✍️ 🎓

Learn Grammar • Understand Structure • Translate Correctly

English Grammar Notes for Students