TENSE AND TRANSLATION (INTRODUCTION) UNIT 1

➡TRANSLATION

1          Translation is the art of rendering meaning from one language            (source) into another (target).

1.  Specifically, it refers to translating from Odia into other languages by following grammar and syntax rules of both.

1.Good translation requires proper understanding of the meaning to be conveyed and the structure of both languages.

1.

 

ଅନୁବାଦର ପରିଭାଷା

ଅନୁବାଦ ହେଉଛି ଗୋଟିଏ ଭାଷାର (ମୂଳ ଭାଷା) ଅର୍ଥକୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଭାଷାରେ (ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ଭାଷା) ସ୍ଥାନାନ୍ତର କରିବାର କଳା।

ବିଶେଷକରି, ଏହାର ଅର୍ଥ ହେଉଛି ଓଡିଆରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଭାଷାକୁ ଅନୁବାଦ କରିବା ସମୟରେ, ଦୁଇଟି ଭାଷାର ବ୍ୟାକରଣ ଏବଂ ବାକ୍ୟରଚନାର ନିୟମଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅନୁସରଣ କରିବା।

ଭଲ ଅନୁବାଦ ପାଇଁ, ପ୍ରେଷିତ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା ଅର୍ଥକୁ ଠିକ୍‌ଭାବେ ବୁଝିବା ସହିତ, ଉଭୟ ଭାଷାର ଗଠନକୁ ବୁଝିବା ଆବଶ୍ୟକ।

 

2. Translation Process

2.   First step:        Understand    the meaning of the source text.

2.

Second step:   Identify the grammatical structure (Parts of Speech, order of Subject-Verb-Object, etc.).



Third step:       Accurately render the meaning into the target language with correct grammar.

 ଅନୁବାଦ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା

ପ୍ରଥମ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ: ମୂଳ ପାଠ୍ୟର ଅର୍ଥକୁ ବୁଝିବା।

ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ: ବ୍ୟାକରଣିକ ଗଠନକୁ ବୁଝିବା । (ଶବ୍ଦପଦ, କର୍ତ୍ତା-କ୍ରିୟା-କର୍ମର କ୍ରମ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି)।

ତୃତୀୟ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ: ଠିକ୍‌ ବ୍ୟାକରଣ ସହିତ ଅର୍ଥକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ଭାଷାରେ ସଠିକ୍‌ଭାବେ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିବା।

👉Important Grammar Awareness for Translators

(ଅନୁବାଦକଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବ୍ୟାକରଣ ସଚେତନତା)

(A) Identify Parts of Speech in a Sentence

Subject  (କର୍ତ୍ତା) 

Verb       (କ୍ରିୟା)

Object    (କର୍ମ)

Adverb (କ୍ରିୟାବିଶେଷଣ)

Preposition, etc. (ସମାସ / ବିଭକ୍ତିଚିହ୍ନ,ଇତ୍ୟାଦି) 

 

(B) Analyse the Tense   (କାଳ ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ କରିବା)  

Recognise the tense of the sentence.

Understand the sentence structure within that tense.

There are standard rules for handling tenses in translation.

 ସେହି କାଳରେ ବାକ୍ୟର ଗଠନକୁ ବୁଝିବା।ଅନୁବାଦରେ କାଳ ବ୍ୟବହାର ପାଇଁ ମାନକ ନିୟମ ଅଛି।

 (C) Other Grammar Rules to Remember ( ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟାକରଣ ନିୟମ)

Ø କର୍ତ୍ତା–କ୍ରିୟା ସମନ୍ୱୟ( Subject–Verb Agreement)

Ø  କାଳର କ୍ରମ (Sequence of Tenses)

Ø   Articles,Determiners(ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶକ),Adverb (କ୍ରିୟାବିଶେଷଣ) Adjective ବିଶେଷଣ,Preposition (ବିଭକ୍ତି) ,Noun( ନାମ), Pronoun)ସର୍ବନାମ, Conjuction (ଅବ୍ୟୟ),Interjection (ବିସ୍ମୟାଦିବୋଧକ), Modals

Ø Reported Speech (ପରୋକ୍ଷ ଉକ୍ତି) ଏବଂ କ୍ରିୟାର Voice (Active/Passive)

Ø

  (D) ବାକ୍ୟ ପ୍ରକାର (Sentence Types)

    ସରଳ (Simple)

    ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ (Compound)

    ଜଟିଳ (Complex)



👉Identification of Subject in a Sentence..( ବାକ୍ୟରେ କର୍ତ୍ତା ଚିହ୍ନିବା )

Ø  Subject is the doer of the action.

Ø( କର୍ତ୍ତା ହେଉଛି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରୁଥିବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ବା ବସ୍ତୁ )

Ø

Ø  The subject answers the question “Who is doing the action?”.

Ø“କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କିଏ କରୁଛି?” — ଏହି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର କର୍ତ୍ତା।

Ø  ବକ୍ୟରେ ଯେ କାର୍ଯ କରିବକୁ ଦାୟୀହୁଏ, ସେହି କର୍ତ୍ତା (subject) ଅଟେ ।

Ø ଯେକୌଣସି ବାକ୍ୟରେ subject କାର୍ଯ କରୁଥଏ ।

“ରାମ ସ୍କୁଲ ଯାଉଛି” ‌‌‌--- ଏଠାରେ “ରାମ” ହେଉଛି କର୍ତ୍ତା ।

“ସେମାନେ ଗୀତ ଗାଆନ୍ତି” ‌‌  ---- ଏଠାରେ ‘’ସେମାନେ”  ହେଉଛି କର୍ତ୍ତା ।

👉Identification of Verb in a Sentence..( ବାକ୍ୟରେ କ୍ରିୟା ଚିହ୍ନିବା)

 

A verb is a word that shows an action, an occurrence,

 or a state of being.

କ୍ରିୟା କହିଲେ ଏହା ଏକ ଶବ୍ଦ ଯାହା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ (Action), ଘଟଣା (Occurrence) କିମ୍ବା ଅବସ୍ଥା (State of being) କୁ ଦର୍ଶାଏ।

 

Ø Action Verbs (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟବାଚକ କ୍ରିୟା) – Shows what someone or something does.

 

          She runs fast. → ସେ ଦ୍ରୁତ ଦୌଡ଼େ।

 

         I eat rice. → ମୁଁ ଭାତ ଖାଏ।

 

       They write letters. → ସେମାନେ ଚିଠି ଲେଖନ୍ତି।

Ø Auxulary/modal/Helping Verbs (ସହାୟକ କ୍ରିୟା) – Helps the main verb to show tense or possibility.

 

He is a doctor. → ସେ ଜଣେ ଡାକ୍ତର ଅଟେ।

 

The soup tastes good. → ସୁପ୍ଟି ସ୍ବାଦିଷ୍ଟ ଲାଗୁଛି।

 

She became famous. → ସେ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ହେଲା।

I will go to school. → ମୁଁ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟକୁ ଯିବି।

 

She has eaten mangoes. → ସେ ଆମ୍ବ ଖାଇଛି।

They can swim. → ସେମାନେ ପହଁରିପାରନ୍ତି।

 

 

 👉Object (କର୍ମ)

 

In a sentence, the object is the word or group of

 words that receives the action of the verb.

ବାକ୍ୟରେ କର୍ମ ହେଉଛି ସେହି ଶବ୍ଦ କିମ୍ବା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ, ଯାହା କ୍ରିୟାର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରେ।

The object is the receiver of the verb’s action.

କର୍ମ କ୍ରିୟାର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ଗ୍ରହୀତା।

 

 

v Types of Objects (କର୍ମର ପ୍ରକାର)

 

1. Direct Object (ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ କର୍ମ)

 

Answers “what?” or “whom?” after the verb.

 

କ୍ରିୟା ପରେ କ’ଣ? କିମ୍ବା କାହାକୁ? ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଏ।

 

Example:

 

I read a book. → ମୁଁ ଏକ ପୁସ୍ତକ ପଢ଼େ।

(What do I read? → a book)

 

 

                           2. Indirect Object (ପରୋକ୍ଷ କର୍ମ)

                            Tells to whom or for whom the action is done.

 

କାହାକୁ କିମ୍ବା କାହା ପାଇଁ କାମ ହେଉଛି, ତାକୁ କୁହେ।

 

Example:She gave me a gift. → ସେ ମୋତେ ଏକ ଉପହାର ଦେଲା।

(To whom did she give? → me)

 

 

 

 

3. Object of a Preposition (ଅପସର୍ଗର କର୍ମ)

 

Comes after a preposition and completes its meaning.

 

ଅପସର୍ଗ ପରେ ଆସି, ତାହାର ଅର୍ଥକୁ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କରେ।

 

Example:

 

He is waiting for the bus. → ସେ ବସ ପାଇଁ ଅପେକ୍ଷା କରୁଛି।

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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