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  PAST INDEFINITE TENSE OR SIMPLE PAST TENSE   ଅତୀତ ସରଳ କିମ୍ବା Past Simple କାଳରେ କାମ , ଘଟଣା ବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅତୀତରେ ସମାପ୍ତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ବୋଲି ଦର୍ଶାଯାଏ। Read the following sentences :   (1) ସୀତା  ରାମଙ୍କୁ ଚିଠି ଲେଖିଲା। Sita wrote a letter to Ram. (2) ସେମାନେ ଫୁଟବଲ୍ ଖେଳିଲେ। They played football. (3) ରବିଶଙ୍କର ଏକ T.V. କିଣିଲା। Ravi Shankar purchased a T.V. (4) ଗତକାଲି ବର୍ଷା ହେଲା। It rained yesterday. (5) ସେ ଗତକାଲି ଜୟପୁରକୁ ଗଲା। He went to Jaipur yesterday. (6) ସାକ୍ଷୀ ତାଙ୍କ ପୋଷାକ ଧୋଇଲା। Sakshi washed her clothes. (7) ମୁଁ ଗୋଟିଏ ପୁସ୍ତକ ଲେଖିଲି। I wrote a book. (8) ସେ ଗତକାଲି ଏଠାକୁ ଆସିଲା। He came here yesterday. (9) ରହିମ୍ 100 ଟଙ୍କା ଦାନ କଲା। Rahim donated one hundred rupees. (10) ମୁଁ ତାକୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କଲି। I helped her.   ଏହି ପ୍ରକାରର ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକର Structure ( ରଚନା):   Subject + V2+ Object   #Negative and Interrogative Sentences   Past Indefinite କାଳର Negative ଓ Interrogative ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକର Structure ଏଭଳି ହୋଇଥାଏ :...

UNIT 3  The King once again asked the hermit for answers to his three questions. The hermit explained that the King had already received them through his own actions. By helping the hermit dig, the King avoided danger; at that time, the hermit was the most important man, and helping him was the King’s most important duty. Later, by saving the wounded enemy, the King made peace with him; then the wounded man was the most important person, and caring for him was the most important task. The hermit concluded that the most important time is “now”, the most important person is the one you are with, and the most important work is to do good for others, for that is the true purpose of life. ଏହାର ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ (ସାରାଂଶ): ରାଜା ପୁଣିଥରେ ସନ୍ୟାସୀଙ୍କୁ ତାଙ୍କ ତିନୋଟି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ମାଗିଲେ। ସନ୍ୟାସୀ କହିଲେ ଯେ ଉତ୍ତର ସେ ପାଇସାରିଛନ୍ତି। ଯଦି ସେ ସନ୍ୟାସୀଙ୍କୁ ଦୟା କରି କାମରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିନଥାନ୍ତେ, ତେବେ ଶତୃ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିଥାନ୍ତା। ସେଥିପାଇଁ ସବୁଠାରୁ ଦରକାରୀ ସମୟ ଥିଲା ସେଇ ସମୟ, ସନ୍ୟାସୀ ହେଲେ ସବୁଠାରୁ ଦରକାରୀ ଲୋକ, ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଭଲ କରିବା ...

Unit 2 The king, dressed in simple clothes and alone, visited a hermit in the forest to seek answers to three questions: the right time to act, the most important people, and the most important affairs. The hermit gave no reply and kept digging, so the king helped him with the work. While they were there, a wounded bearded man ran towards them. The king treated his wound, carried him into the hut, and stayed the night. The next morning, the man revealed he was the king’s enemy, who had planned to kill him in revenge for his brother’s execution and loss of property. However, after being saved by the king, he repented and promised loyalty. The king forgave him, promised care, and even restored his property, thus turning an enemy into a friend. (ସାରାଂଶ): ରାଜା ସାଧାରଣ ବେଶରେ ଏକାକୀ ଜଙ୍ଗଲରେ ରହୁଥିବା ସନ୍ୟାସୀଙ୍କୁ ତାଙ୍କ ତିନିଟି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ପାଇଁ  ଗଲେ— କେବେ ସଠିକ୍ କାମ କରିବାଉଚିତ, କେଉଁ ଲୋକ ସବୁଠାରୁ ଦରକାରୀ, ଏବଂ କେଉଁ କାମ ସବୁଠାରୁ ମହତ୍ତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ। ସନ୍ୟାସୀ ଉତ୍ତର ଦେଲେ ନାହିଁ, କେବଳ ମାଟି ଖୋଳିବା କାମ କରୁଥ...

  Unit 4 Summary   Winston Churchill recalls that although he was in the lowest class at Harrow, he later became a Cabinet colleague of his schoolmate Amery. People found it surprising that, while he was considered dull in studies, he won a prize for perfectly reciting 1,200 lines of Macaulay’s ''Lays of Ancient Rome''. He also passed the preliminary Army examination, which many brighter boys failed. Churchill admits that this exam demanded great effort, but he was also lucky. The night before the exam, he practiced drawing the map of New Zealand, and the very next day the first question was to draw that map. This coincidence made him call his success an en plein—a gambling term meaning a lucky strike. His memory and luck earned him high marks. ୱିନ୍ସଟନ୍ ଚର୍ଚ୍ଚିଲ୍ ସ୍ମରଣ କରନ୍ତି ଯେ , ସେ ହାରୋରେ ସବୁଠାରୁ ନିମ୍ନତମ୍ କ୍ଲାସରେ ଥିଲେ , କିନ୍ତୁ ପରେ  ସହପାଠୀ ଏମେରିଙ୍କ ସହିତ କ୍ୟାବିନେଟ୍ ସହକର୍ମୀ ହୋଇଥିଲେ। ଲୋକମାନେ ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ୟ ହୋଇଥିଲେ କାରଣ ସେ ପଢ଼ାରେ ଦୁର୍ବଳ ହୋଇଥିଲେ , କିନ୍ତୁ ୧ , ୨୦୦ ଲାଇନ୍ର * Lay...

  UNIT 3 SUMMERY When the writer first went to Harrow, he was amazed to see a huge swimming bath, larger than anything he had ever seen. Boys spent long hours there, swimming, sunbathing, and eating big buns. A common prank was to push others into the pool unexpectedly.   One day, the writer pushed a boy standing thoughtfully at the edge, holding his towel so it would not get wet. To his shock, the boy turned out to be Amery, a powerful Sixth Form student, Head of his House, Gym champion, and football player. The writer, terrified and guilty, immediately apologized, saying he mistook him for a smaller boy. He added humor by comparing Amery’s small size to his own father’s.   Although Amery was angry at first, he eventually laughed and forgave him. Thus, the incident ended happily, teaching the writer a lesson about misjudging people by appearance. ଲେଖକ ପ୍ରଥମେ Harrow ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟକୁ ଯାଇଥିବାବେଳେ ସେଠାରେ ବହୁତ ବଡ଼ ସ୍ୱିମିଙ୍ଗ ପୁଲ୍ ଦେଖିଲେ । ଛାତ୍ରମାନେ ସେଠାରେ ଦିନେକୁ ବହୁତ ସମୟ କାଟୁଥିଲ...