Tense and Translation (What is Tense) Unit 3

 What is tense-

Tense is the forms of verb that shows not only the time of an action but also the state or completion of that ation or event.

Tense (କାଳ)

Tense କହିଲେ କ୍ରିୟାର ସେହି ରୂପକୁ ବୁଝାଯାଏ, ଯାହା କେବଳ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହେବାର ସମୟକୁ ନୁହେଁ, କିନ୍ତୁ ସେହି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ଅବସ୍ଥା କିମ୍ବା ସମାପ୍ତିକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଦର୍ଶାଏ।

କ୍ରିୟାର ପ୍ରକାର

ଇଂରାଜୀ ବ୍ୟାକରଣରେ, କ୍ରିୟାକୁ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଦୁଇଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ —

1. (Regular Verbs) – ଯେଉଁଥିରେ past tense ଓ past participle ରୂପ, base form ସହ –ed, –d କିମ୍ବା –t ଯୋଡି ତିଆରି ହୁଏ।

ଉଦାହରଣ:

Talk → Talked → Talked (କହିବା)

Live → Lived → Lived (ବାସ କରିବା)

2. Irregular Verbs– ଯେଉଁଥିରେ past tense ଓ past participle ରୂପ କୌଣସି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଧିଷ୍ଟ ନିୟମକୁ ଅନୁସରଣ କରେ ନାହିଁ; ସେଗୁଡିକ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କିମ୍ବା ଅଂଶିକ ଭାବେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହୁଏ।

ଉଦାହରଣ:

See → Saw → Seen (ଦେଖିବା)

Go → Went → Gone (ଯିବା)

Come → Came → Come (ଆସିବା)

(A) Verbର I, II, III form ସହିତ ଆମେ ପରିଚିତ । Verbର IV form (Present Participle Form) — I formରେ -ing ଲଗାଇ କରାଯାଏ । Verbର V form (Infinitive) — I formରେ to ଲଗାଇ କରାଯାଏ 

(B) ଯଦି Verbର ଶେଷରେ ‘ie’ ଥାଏ, ତେବେ -ing ଲଗାଇବା ସମୟରେ ie କୁ y କରିବାକୁ ପଡେ ।

ଉଦାହରଣ

Die → Dying

Lie → Lying

ଏବଂ ଯଦି Verbର ଶେଷରେ ‘e’ ଥାଏ, ତେବେ -ing ଲଗାଇବା ସମୟରେ e କୁ କାଟିଦିଆଯାଏ ।

ଉଦାହରଣ:

Wire → Wiring

Shine → Shining

(C) ଯଦି Verbର ଶେଷରେ Consonant (ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ) ଥାଏ ଏବଂ ସେହି consonant ପୂର୍ବରେ short vowel ଥାଏ, ତେବେ IV form (Present Participle) କରିବାବେଳେ ସେହି consonant କୁ ଦୁଇଥର ଲେଖାଯାଏ ।

ଉଦାହରଣ:

Quarrel → Quarrelling

Swim → Swimming

Stop → Stopping

Occur → Occurring

Quit → Quitting

Begin → Beginning

Run → Running

Vomit → Vomitting

Verb Forms with Odia Meanings

V1 (Odia Meaning)	V2	V3	V4	V5
Arise (ଉଠିବା)	arose	arisen	arising	to arise
Arrive (ପହଞ୍ଚିବା)	arrived	arrived	arriving	to arrive
Abide (ମାନିବା/ରହିବା)	abode	abode	abiding	to abide
Abuse (ଗାଳିଦେବା/ଅପମାନ କରିବା)	abused	abused	abusing	to abuse
Awake (ଜାଗିଉଠିବା)	awoke	awoken	awaking	to awake
Be (ହେବା)	was/were	been	being	to be
Bear (ବୋହିବା/ସହିବା)	bore	borne	bearing	to bear
Become (ହେବାକୁ)	became	become	becoming	to become
Blow (ଫୁଙ୍କିବା/ବାତାସ ବହିବା)	blew	blown	blowing	to blow
Break (ଭାଙ୍ଗିବା)	broke	broken	breaking	to break
Bring (ଆଣିବା)	brought	brought	bringing	to bring
Behold (ଦେଖିବା/ନିରୀକ୍ଷଣ କରିବା)	beheld	beheld	beholding	to behold
Buy (କିଣିବା)	bought	bought	buying	to buy
Catch (ଧରିବା)	caught	caught	catching	to catch
Climb (ଚଢ଼ିବା)	climbed	climbed	climbing	to climb
Come (ଆସିବା)	came	come	coming	to come
Choose (ଚୟନ କରିବା)	chose	chosen	choosing	to choose
Dig (ଖୋଦିବା)	dug	dug	digging	to dig
Do (କରିବା)	did	done	doing	to do
Draw (ଆକିବା/ଟାଣିବା)	drew	drawn	drawing	to draw
Drink (ପିବା)	drank	drunk	drinking	to drink
Deal (ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା/ଚୁକ୍ତି କରିବା)	dealt	dealt	dealing	to deal
Dream (ସ୍ୱପ୍ନ ଦେଖିବା)	dreamt	dreamt	dreaming	to dream
Dwell (ବାସ କରିବା)	dwelt	dwelt	dwelling	to dwell
Eat (ଖାଇବା)	ate	eaten	eating	to eat
Earn (ଉପାର୍ଜନ କରିବା)	earned	earned	earning	to earn
Elect (ଚୟନ କରିବା/ନିର୍ବାଚନ କରିବା)	elected	elected	electing	to elect
Electrify (ବିଦ୍ୟୁତୀକରଣ କରିବା)	electrified	electrified	electrifying	to electrify
Enjoy (ଆନନ୍ଦ ଉଠିବା)	enjoyed	enjoyed	enjoying	to enjoy
Enroll (ଭର୍ତ୍ତି କରିବା)	enrolled	enrolled	enrolling	to enroll
Enter (ପ୍ରବେଶ କରିବା)	entered	entered	entering	to enter
Err (ଭୁଲ କରିବା)	erred	erred	erring	to err
Excite (ରୋମାଞ୍ଚିତ କରିବା)	excited	excited	exciting	to excite
Excuse (ମାପ କରିବା)	excused	excused	excusing	to excuse
Feed (ଖୁଆଇବା)	fed	fed	feeding	to feed
Fall (ପଡ଼ିବା)	fell	fallen	falling	to fall
Fight (ଲଡ଼ିବା)	fought	fought	fighting	to fight
Find (ପାଇବା)	found	found	finding	to find
Flee (ପଳାଇବା)	fled	fled	fleeing	to flee
Forget (ଭୁଲିଯିବା)	forgot	forgotten	forgetting	to forget
Forgive (କ୍ଷମା କରିବା)	forgave	forgiven	forgiving	to forgive
Forsake (ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିବା)	forsook	forsaken	forsaking	to forsake
Get (ପାଇବା)	got	got	getting	to get
Give (ଦେବା)	gave	given	giving	to give
Grow (ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇବା/ଗଛିବା)	grew	grown	growing	to grow
Gain (ଲାଭ କରିବା)	gained	gained	gaining	to gain
Gamble (ଜୁଆ ଖେଳିବା)	gambled	gambled	gambling	to gamble
Govern (ଶାସନ କରିବା)	governed	governed	governing	to govern
Graze (ଚରିବା)	grazed	grazed	grazing	to graze
Greet (ସ୍ୱାଗତ କରିବା)	greeted	greeted	greeting	to greet
Guide (ପଥ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କରିବା)	guided	guided	guiding	to guide
Hide (ଲୁଚିବା)	hid	hidden	hiding	to hide
Hang (ଝୁଲାଇବା)	hung	hung	hanging	to hang
Hold (ଧରିବା/ଧରିରଖିବା)	held	held	holding	to hold
Have (ରହିବା/ଥିବା)	had	had	having	to have
Hurt (ଆଘାତ କରିବା/ବେଦନା ଦେବା)	hurt	hurt	hurting	to hurt
Ignore (ଅଗ୍ରାହ କରିବା)	ignored	ignored	ignoring	to ignore
Imagine (କଳ୍ପନା କରିବା)	imagined	imagined	imagining	to imagine
Injure (ଆଘାତ କରିବା)	injured	injured	injuring	to injure
Insult (ଅପମାନ କରିବା)	insulted	insulted	insulting	to insult
Intend (ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ରଖିବା)	intended	intended	intending	to intend
Invade (ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିବା)	invaded	invaded	invading	to invade
Invent (ଆବିଷ୍କାର କରିବା)	invented	invented	inventing	to invent
Join (ଯୋଗଦେବା)	joined	joined	joining	to join
Joke (ମଜା କରିବା)	joked	joked	joking	to joke
Judge (ବିଚାର କରିବା)	judged	judged	judging	to judge
Jump (ଲାଫିବା)	jumped	jumped	jumping	to jump
Kneel (ଘୁଣାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମୋଡ଼ିବା/ଜାଣୁଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ନମାଇବା)	knelt	knelt	kneeling	to kneel
Kill (ମାରିଦେବା)	killed	killed	killing	to kill
Kick (ଲାତ ମାରିବା)	kicked	kicked	kicking	to kick
Lie (ଶୋଇବା/ରହିବା)	lay	lain	lying	to lie
Lend (ଋଣ ଦେବା)	lent	lent	lending	to lend
Borrow (ଋଣ ନେବା)	borrowed	borrowed	borrowing	to borrow
Light (ଆଲୋକ କରିବା/ପ୍ରଜ୍ୱଳିତ କରିବା)	lighted	lighted	lighting	to light
Lose (ହାରିବା/ହାରାଇବା)	lost	lost	losing	to lose
Let (ଅନୁମତି ଦେବା)	let	let	letting	to let
Leak (ରସିବା/ଚୁଇବା)	leaked	leaked	leaking	to leak
Lead (ନେତ୍ରୁତ୍ୱ କରିବା)	led	led	leading	to lead
Lick (ଚାଟିବା)	licked	licked	licking	to lick
Like (ଭଲପାଇବା)	liked	liked	liking	to like
Listen (ଶୁଣିବା)	listened	listened	listening	to listen
Look (ଦେଖିବା)	looked	looked	looking	to look
Love (ଭଲପାଇବା)	loved	loved	loving	to love
Make (ତିଆରି କରିବା)	made	made	making	to make
Mean (ଅର୍ଥ ହେବା)	meant	meant	meaning	to mean
Mar (କ୍ଷତି କରିବା)	marred	marred	marring	to mar
March (ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ କରିବା/ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନୀ କରିବା)	marched	marched	marching	to march
Merry (ଆନନ୍ଦିତ କରିବା)	merried	merried	merrying	to merry
Mind (ମନ ରଖିବା/ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦେବା)	minded	minded	minding	to mind
Mix (ମିଶାଇବା)	mixed	mixed	mixing	to mix
Mortgage (ଗିରବରେ ରଖିବା)	mortgaged	mortgaged	mortgaging	to mortgage

 

Verb Forms with Odia Meanings

V1 (Base Form)	Odia Meaning	V2 (Past Simple)	V3 (Past Participle)	V4 (Present Participle)	V5 (Infinitive)
Pardon	କ୍ଷମା କରିବା	pardoned	pardoned	pardoning	to pardon
Persist	ଅଡିଗ ରହିବା	persisted	persisted	persisting	to persist
Polish	ମାଜିବା / ପଲିସ କରିବା	polished	polished	polishing	to polish
Ponder	ଚିନ୍ତା କରିବା	pondered	pondered	pondering	to ponder
Post	ପୋଷ୍ଟ କରିବା	posted	posted	posting	to post
Practise	ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରିବା	practised	practised	practising	to practise
Pray	ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା କରିବା	prayed	prayed	praying	to pray
Prepare	ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରିବା	prepared	prepared	preparing	to prepare
Press	ଚାପିବା	pressed	pressed	pressing	to press
Pretend	ଭଣିବା / ନଟିବା	pretended	pretended	pretending	to pretend
Progress	ଅଗ୍ରଗତି କରିବା	progressed	progressed	progressing	to progress
Quit	ଛାଡିଦେବା	quit	quit	quitting	to quit
Quarrel	ଝଗଡା କରିବା	quarrelled	quarrelled	quarrelling	to quarrel
Question	ପଚାରିବା	questioned	questioned	questioning	to question
Quench	ନିବାଇବା / ପ୍ୟାସ ଶାନ୍ତ କରିବା	quenched	quenched	quenching	to quench
Ride	ଚଢିବା / ସାଢ଼ିବା	rode	ridden	riding	to ride
Read	ପଢିବା	read	read	reading	to read
Ring	ଘଣ୍ଟି ବାଜିବା	rang	rung	ringing	to ring
Sell	ବେଚିବା	sold	sold	selling	to sell
Send	ପଠାଇବା	sent	sent	sending	to send
Sow	ବିଆ ବପଣ କରିବା	sowed	sown	sowing	to sow
Spend	ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ କରିବା	spent	spent	spending	to spend
Sit	ବସିବା	sat	sat	sitting	to sit
Speak	କହିବା	spoke	spoken	speaking	to speak
Spell	ଅକ୍ଷରେ-ଅକ୍ଷରେ କହିବା	spelt	spelt	spelling	to spell
Sweep	ବୁହାରିବା	swept	swept	sweeping	to sweep
See	ଦେଖିବା	saw	seen	seeing	to see
Shake	ହଲେଇବା	shook	shaken	shaking	to shake

 

 

Verb (Odia Meaning)                      V2        V3        V+ing      To + V1   

---------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------- ----------

Take ( ନେବା )                             took             taken       taking            to take

Teach  (ପଢାଇବା)                                                  taught      taught     teaching         to take

Thrust (ଧକ୍କା ଦେଇବା)                     thrust    thrust    thrusting  to thrust 

Tread (ପାଦେ ପାଦେ ଚାଲିବା)                 trod      trodden   treading   to tread  

Undergo (ଅନୁଭବ କରିବା / ସହିବା)            underwent undergone undergoing to undergo

Undo (ଖୋଲିଦେବା / ବାତିଲ କରିବା)            undid     undone    undoing    to undo   

Unify (ଏକତ୍ର କରିବା)                      unified   unified   unifying   to unify  

Vacate (ଖାଲି କରିବା)                      vacated   vacated   vacating   to vacate 

Value (ମୂଲ୍ୟାୟନ କରିବା)                   valued    valued    valuing    to value  

Vanish (ଅଲୋପ ହେବା)                       vanished  vanished  vanishing  to vanish 

Violate (ଉଲ୍ଲଙ୍ଘନ କରିବା)                 violated  violated  violating  to violate

Vomit (ବାନ୍ତି କରିବା)                     vomited   vomited   vomiting   to vomit  

Win (ଜିତିବା)                             won       won       winning    to win    

Weep (କାନ୍ଦିବା)                          wept      wept      weeping    to weep   

Wake (ଜାଗିବା)                            woke      waked     waking     to wake   

Wear (ପିନ୍ଧିବା)                          wore      worn      wearing    to wear   

Weave (ବୁଣିବା)                           wove      woven     weaving    to weave  

Wash (ଧୋଇବା)                             washed    washed    washing    to wash   

Wed (ବିବାହ କରିବା)                        wedded    wedded    wedding    to wed    

Wound (ଆଘାତ କରିବା)                       wounded   wounded   wounding   to wound  

Water (ପାଣି ଦେବା)                        watered   watered   watering   to water  

Want (ଚାହିବା)                            wanted    wanted    wanting    to want   

Waste (ବ୍ୟର୍ଥ କରିବା)                     wasted    wasted    wasting    to waste  

Wave (ହାତ ହଳାଇବା)                        waved     waved     waving     to wave   

Weaken (ଦୁର୍ବଳ କରିବା)                    weakened  weakened  weakening  to weaken 

Weigh (ଓଜନ କରିବା)                        weighed   weighed   weighing   to weigh  

Wink (ଆଖି ଝିଙ୍କାଇବା)                     winked    winked    winking    to wink   

Wipe (ପୋଛିବା)                            wiped     wiped     wiping     to wipe   

Wire (ତାର ଯୋଡ଼ିବା)                       wired     wired     wiring     to wire   

Yawn (ଜୁଆଇ ମାରିବା)                       yawned    yawned    yawning    to yawn   

Yield (ଆତ୍ମସମର୍ପଣ କରିବା / ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କରିବା) yielded   yielded   yielding   to yield  

Think (ଚିନ୍ତା କରିବା)                     thought   thought   thinking   to think