Tense and Translation (Beginning )

TENSE (କାଳ)

What is Tense?

Tense is the form of a verb that shows not only the time of an action but also the state or completion of that action or event.

Tense (କାଳ) କହିଲେ କ୍ରିୟାର ସେହି ରୂପକୁ ବୁଝାଯାଏ, ଯାହା କେବଳ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହେବାର ସମୟକୁ ନୁହେଁ, କିନ୍ତୁ ସେହି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ଅବସ୍ଥା କିମ୍ବା ସମାପ୍ତିକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଦର୍ଶାଏ।

କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ଅବସ୍ଥା (State of an Action)

Present Tense ରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ 4 ପ୍ରକାରରେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତ କରାଯାଏ:

No.	Tense	Example
1	Present Indefinite	He plays.
2	Present Continuous	He is playing.
3	Present Perfect	He has played.
4	Present Perfect Continuous	He has been playing for three hours.

SIMPLE PRESENT / PRESENT INDEFINITE

Structure

Subject + V1 (s/es) + Object

Examples

1. ମୁଁ ଖେଳେ — I play.
2. ସେ ଲେଖେ — He writes.
3. ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପୂର୍ବଦିଗରୁ ଉଦୟ ହୁଏ — The Sun rises in the East.
4. ଏଠାରେ ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ଆସୁଛି — Here comes the train.
5. ସେ ସଦା ସତ୍ୟ କହେ — He always speaks the truth.
6. ମୁଁ କାନ୍ଦେ — I weep.
7. ରମେଶ ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ସକାଳ 6ଟାରେ ଚଲିବାକୁ ଯାଏ — Ramesh goes for a walk at 6 A.M.
8. ମୋ ବାପା ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟା 7ଟାରେ ଘରକୁ ଆସନ୍ତି — My father comes home at 7 P.M.
9. ଆମ କଲେଜ୍ ଜୁଲାଇ ମାସରେ ଖୋଲେ — Our college opens in the month of July.
10. ଆମେ ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ଶିମଲାକୁ ଯାଉ — We go to Shimla every year.

S / ES କେବେ ଲାଗେ?

Present Indefinite Tenseରେ Singular Number + Third Person subject ଥିଲେ verb ସହିତ s/es ଯୋଡ଼ାଯାଏ।

Rule:
Singular + Third Person → Verb + s / es

Third Person

• First Person: I, We
• Second Person: You
• Third Person: He, She, It, Ram, Sita, The Sun etc.

Examples: He writes. / She goes. / The Sun rises. / My father comes.

❌ I writes — ଭୁଲ
✅ I write — ସଠିକ୍

ES କେବେ ଲାଗେ?

ଯଦି verb ss, o, z, x, ch, sh ରେ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ ଏବଂ subject singular third person ହୁଏ, ତେବେ es ଯୋଡ଼ାଯାଏ।

Base Verb	Third Person
go	goes
kiss	kisses
search	searches
fetch	fetches
clash	clashes
quiz	quizzes

S କେବେ ଲାଗେ?

ଯଦି verb ss, o, z, x, ch, sh ରେ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ, ତେବେ singular third person subject ସହିତ ସାଧାରଣତଃ s ଲାଗେ।

Verb	Third Person
play	plays
pray	prays
say	says
pay	pays

Y → IES

Verb y ରେ ଶେଷ ହେଲେ ଏବଂ y ପୂର୍ବରେ consonant ଥିଲେ, singular third person ପାଇଁ y → ies ହୁଏ।

Verb	Third Person
fly	flies
try	tries
cry	cries
verify	verifies

Negative & Interrogative

Negative Structure

Subject + do/does not + V1 + Object

Does → Singular third person
Do → I, We, You, They and plural subjects

He does not play cricket.

I do not like tea.

Interrogative Structure

Do/Does + Subject + V1 + Object?

Does he play cricket?

Do you like tea?

Important: Negative ଓ Interrogative sentenceରେ main verb ସହିତ s/es ଲାଗେ ନାହିଁ।

Affirmative – Negative – Interrogative

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I play chess.	I do not play chess.	Do I play chess?
He goes to office.	He does not go to office.	Does he go to office?
They write a lesson.	They do not write a lesson.	Do they write a lesson?
It rains.	It does not rain.	Does it rain?
We sing a song.	We do not sing a song.	Do we sing a song?

Interrogative-Negative Sentences

ଯେତେବେଳେ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଏବଂ ନାକାରାତ୍ମକତା ଏକେ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଥାଏ, ସେହି ବାକ୍ୟକୁ Interrogative Negative Sentence କୁହାଯାଏ।

Structure I

Do/Does + Subject + Not + V1 + Object?

Does he not go to market?

Do I not play football?

Structure II

Don't/Doesn't + Subject + V1 + Object?

Doesn't he go to market?

Don't I play football?

Important Rules

1. Affirmative sentenceରେ singular third person subject ସହିତ verb + s/es ହୁଏ।
2. Negative sentenceରେ main verb V1 ରୂପରେ ରହେ।
3. Interrogative sentenceରେ main verb V1 ରୂପରେ ରହେ।
4. Does/Doesn't ସହିତ singular third person subject ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଏ।
5. Do/Don't ସହିତ I, we, you, they ଏବଂ plural subjects ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଏ।

VERB FORMS

Verbର I, II, III form ସହିତ ଆମେ ପରିଚିତ। Verbର IV form (Present Participle) — I formରେ -ing ଲଗାଇ କରାଯାଏ। Verbର V form (Infinitive) — I form ପୂର୍ବରୁ to ଲଗାଇ କରାଯାଏ।

Important Rules for V4

1. IE → Y + ING

Verbର ଶେଷରେ ie ଥିଲେ -ing ଲଗାଇବା ସମୟରେ ie → y ହୁଏ।

Die → Dying

Lie → Lying

2. Final E is dropped

Verbର ଶେଷରେ e ଥିଲେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ e କୁ ହଟାଇ -ing ଲଗାଯାଏ।

Wire → Wiring

Shine → Shining

3. Consonant Doubling

କେତେକ ଛୋଟ vowel + consonant pattern ଥିବା verbରେ -ing ଲଗାଇବାବେଳେ ଶେଷ consonant ଦ୍ୱିଗୁଣିତ ହୁଏ।

Swim → Swimming
Stop → Stopping
Run → Running
Begin → Beginning
Quit → Quitting
Occur → Occurring

Verb Forms with Odia Meanings

V1	Odia Meaning	V2	V3	V4	V5
Arise	ଉଠିବା	arose	arisen	arising	to arise
Arrive	ପହଞ୍ଚିବା	arrived	arrived	arriving	to arrive
Awake	ଜାଗିଉଠିବା	awoke	awoken	awaking	to awake
Be	ହେବା	was/were	been	being	to be
Become	ହେବାକୁ	became	become	becoming	to become
Blow	ଫୁଙ୍କିବା/ବାତାସ ବହିବା	blew	blown	blowing	to blow
Break	ଭାଙ୍ଗିବା	broke	broken	breaking	to break
Bring	ଆଣିବା	brought	brought	bringing	to bring
Buy	କିଣିବା	bought	bought	buying	to buy
Catch	ଧରିବା	caught	caught	catching	to catch
Come	ଆସିବା	came	come	coming	to come
Choose	ଚୟନ କରିବା	chose	chosen	choosing	to choose
Do	କରିବା	did	done	doing	to do
Drink	ପିଇବା	drank	drunk	drinking	to drink
Eat	ଖାଇବା	ate	eaten	eating	to eat
Fall	ପଡ଼ିବା	fell	fallen	falling	to fall
Fight	ଲଢ଼ିବା	fought	fought	fighting	to fight
Find	ପାଇବା	found	found	finding	to find
Forget	ଭୁଲିଯିବା	forgot	forgotten	forgetting	to forget
Forgive	କ୍ଷମା କରିବା	forgave	forgiven	forgiving	to forgive
Give	ଦେବା	gave	given	giving	to give
Go	ଯିବା	went	gone	going	to go
Grow	ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇବା	grew	grown	growing	to grow
Have	ଥିବା	had	had	having	to have
Hide	ଲୁଚିବା	hid	hidden	hiding	to hide
Hold	ଧରିରଖିବା	held	held	holding	to hold
Hurt	ବେଦନା ଦେବା	hurt	hurt	hurting	to hurt
Keep	ରଖିବା	kept	kept	keeping	to keep
Know	ଜାଣିବା	knew	known	knowing	to know
Lead	ନେତୃତ୍ୱ କରିବା	led	led	leading	to lead
Lie	ଶୋଇବା	lay	lain	lying	to lie
Make	ତିଆରି କରିବା	made	made	making	to make
Mean	ଅର୍ଥ ହେବା	meant	meant	meaning	to mean
Read	ପଢ଼ିବା	read	read	reading	to read
Ride	ଚଢ଼ିବା	rode	ridden	riding	to ride
See	ଦେଖିବା	saw	seen	seeing	to see
Sell	ବିକ୍ରି କରିବା	sold	sold	selling	to sell
Send	ପଠାଇବା	sent	sent	sending	to send
Sit	ବସିବା	sat	sat	sitting	to sit
Speak	କହିବା	spoke	spoken	speaking	to speak
Take	ନେବା	took	taken	taking	to take
Teach	ପଢ଼ାଇବା	taught	taught	teaching	to teach
Think	ଚିନ୍ତା କରିବା	thought	thought	thinking	to think
Wear	ପିନ୍ଧିବା	wore	worn	wearing	to wear
Weep	କାନ୍ଦିବା	wept	wept	weeping	to weep
Win	ଜିତିବା	won	won	winning	to win
Write	ଲେଖିବା	wrote	written	writing	to write

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