TENSE AND TRANSLATION UNIT 2 (CONCEPT OF TENSE AND TIME)

 

  ଅନୁବାଦ କରିବାପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟାକରଣରେ କାଳ (Tense) ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଜ୍ଞାନର ନିୟମ (Rules) ଏବଂ ବ୍ୟତିକ୍ରମ (Exceptions) ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ   ବିସ୍ତାରିତ ଜ୍ଞାନ ଥିବା ଅନିବାର୍ଯ ।

TENSE

The word Tense comes from the Latin word tempus, which means "time."

Tense ଶବ୍ଦଟି ଲାଟିନ୍ (Latin) ଭାଷାର tempus ଶବ୍ଦରୁ ଆସିଛି, ଯାହାର ଅର୍ଥ ସମୟ (time) ଅଟେ।

 

Ø  Concept of Tense and Time (କାଳ ଓ ସମୟର ଧାରଣା)

Tense and Time are distinct concepts. Time is a natural concept, whereas Tense is a grammatical concept used in English grammar. Tense and Time are not the same concept. Many sentences in English grammar express actions related to future time but are constructed using the Present Tense according to grammatical rules. For example:

She is coming tomorrow.

Sita is going to Delhi tomorrow.

Mr. Sharma retires in the month of December.

 

କାଳ (Tense) ଏବଂ ସମୟ (Time) ଦୁଇଟି ପୃଥକ ଧାରଣା। ସମୟ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଧାରଣା, ଯେତେବେଳେ କାଳ ହେଉଛି ଇଂରାଜୀ ବ୍ୟାକରଣରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ଏକ ବ୍ୟାକରଣୀୟ ଧାରଣା। କାଳ ଓ ସମୟ ଏକେ ନୁହେଁ। ଇଂରାଜୀ ବ୍ୟାକରଣରେ ବହୁତ ବାକ୍ୟ ଅଛି ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ସମୟ ସହିତ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧିତ, କିନ୍ତୁ ବ୍ୟାକରଣୀୟ ନିୟମ ଅନୁସାରେ ସେଗୁଡିକୁ Present Tense ରେ ଗଠନ କରାଯାଏ।

ଉଦାହରଣ:

ସେ କାଲି ଆସୁଛନ୍ତି। (She is coming tomorrow.)

ସୀତା କାଲି ଦିଲ୍ଲୀ ଯାଉଛି। (Sita is going to Delhi tomorrow.)

ଶ୍ରୀ ଶର୍ମା ଡିସେମ୍ବର୍ ମାସରେ ଅବସର ନେଉଛନ୍ତି। (Mr. Sharma retires in the month of December.)

 

            These sentences refer to future time or actions, but their translation (or construction) is done using the Present Tense according to English grammar rules. Therefore, Tense and Time are two different concepts.

ଏହି ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ସମୟ କିମ୍ବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସହିତ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧିତ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଇଂରାଜୀ ବ୍ୟାକରଣୀୟ ନିୟମ ଅନୁସାରେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଅନୁବାଦ (କିମ୍ବା ଗଠନ) Present Tense ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି କରାଯାଇଥାଏ।

Ø  ସେହିହେତୁ, କାଳ (Tense) ଓ ସମୟ (Time) ଦୁଇଟି ପୃଥକ ଧାରଣା।

 

Now, you may have fully understood the concept of Tense and Time.

ଏବେ, ଆପଣ କାଳ ଓ ସମୟର ଧାରଣାକୁ ପୁରାପୁରି ବୁଝିପାରିଥିବେ।

Tense is divided into three main types: କାଳକୁ (Tense) ତିନିଟି ପ୍ରମୁଖ ପ୍ରକାରରେ ବିଭାଜିତ କରାଯାଇଛି

 

1. Present Tense    ( ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କାଳ )

2. Past Tense          (ଅତୀତ କାଳ)

3. Future Tense      ( ଭବିଶ୍ୟତ କାଳ୍)

 

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