TENSE AND TRANSLATION (Structure of Present Perfect Tense) UNIT 7

 

Structure of Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense କୁ ସେଥିରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ, ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କାମ ହୋଇସାରିଛି କିନ୍ତୁ ତାହାର ଫଳାଫଳ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ସହିତ ଜଡ଼ିତ ଅଛି।

 1. ସେ ଯାଇଛି।

 He has gone.

2. ଟ୍ରେନ୍‌ ପହଞ୍ଚିଛି।

The train has arrived.

3. ମୁଁ ସ୍ନାନ କରିଛି।

 I have taken bath.

 4. ସେ ସୋଇଯାଇଛି।

 She has slept.

5. ସୁରେଶ ଏବେ ଏବେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଛି।

 Suresh has just arrived.

 6. ଏମାତ୍ର ସାତଟା ହେଲା।

 It has just struck seven.

7. ମୁଁ ମୋର ପ୍ରୋଜେକ୍ଟ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କରିଛି।

 I have completed my project.

 8. ମହେଶ ତାଙ୍କ କାମ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କରିଛି।

 Mahesh has completed his work.

 9. ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଖାଇଛନ୍ତି।

 The teacher has taken food.

 10. ମହେଶ ଏବେ ଏବେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଛି।

 Mahesh has just arrived.


 Structure:

 Subject + has / have + V-III + Object


Helping Verb "has" — Singular number third person (He, She, It, Name, My brother, My mother ଇତ୍ୟାଦି) ସହିତ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ।

 Helping Verb "have" — I, You, We, They, କିମ୍ବା ଅନ୍ୟ Plural subject ସହିତ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ।

 

 ଟିପ୍ପଣୀ: ଏଠାରେ Verb ର III form (past participle form) ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ।

 

 

Present Perfectର Negative ଏବଂ Interrogative ବାକ୍ୟର Structure —

 

 1. Affirmative: I have taken lunch.

 ମୁଁ ମଧ୍ୟାହ୍ନ ଭୋଜନ କରିଛି।

 Negative: I have not taken lunch.

ମୁଁ ମଧ୍ୟାହ୍ନ ଭୋଜନ କରିନାହିଁ।

Interrogative: Have I taken lunch?

ମୁଁ ମଧ୍ୟାହ୍ନ ଭୋଜନ କରିଛି କି?

2. Affirmative: They have gone.

ସେମାନେ ଯାଇଛନ୍ତି।

Negative: They have not gone.

ସେମାନେ ଯାଇନାହାନ୍ତି।

Interrogative: Have they gone?

ସେମାନେ ଯାଇଛନ୍ତି କି?

3. Affirmative: Sita has arrived.

ସୀତା ପହଞ୍ଚିଛି।

Negative: Sita has not arrived.

ସୀତା ପହଞ୍ଚିନାହିଁ।

Interrogative: Has Sita arrived?

ସୀତା ପହଞ୍ଚିଛି କି?

4. Affirmative: We have played.

ଆମେ ଖେଳିଛୁ।

Negative: We have not played.

ଆମେ ଖେଳିନାହୁଁ।

Interrogative: Have we played?

ଆମେ ଖେଳିଛୁ କି?

5. Affirmative: He has gone.

ସେ ଯାଇଛି।

Negative: He has not gone.

ସେ ଯାଇନାହିଁ।

Interrogative: Has he gone?

ସେ ଯାଇଛି କି?


ଟିପ୍ପଣୀ:



(i) Negative ବାକ୍ୟରେ — Helping verb has/have ପରେ not ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ।

ଏହି ପ୍ରକାରର ବାକ୍ୟର Structure-ରେ କୌଣସି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୁଏନା।

(ii) Interrogative ବାକ୍ୟରେ — Helping verb has/have କୁ Subject-ର ଆଗରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ।

ଏହି ପ୍ରକାରର ବାକ୍ୟର Structure-ରେ କୌଣସି ଅନ୍ୟ rules ପ୍ରୟୋଗ ହୁଏନା।

Interrogative-Negative Sentences

Structure:

Has/Have + Subject + not + V-III + Object ?

ଅଥବା

Hasn't/Haven't + Subject + V-III + Object ?

Interrogative-Negative ବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ have/has କୁ Subject-ର ଆଗରେ ରଖାଯାଏ, not କୁ Subject-ର ପରେ ରଖାଯାଏ।

ଏହା ସହିତ, ସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ ରୂପରେ (haven’t/hasn’t) have/has କୁ Subject-ର ଆଗରେ ରଖି not କୁ ସେଥିରେ ମିଶାଇ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଇପାରେ।

---

ଉଦାହରଣ:

Affirmative:

1. He has taken food. — ସେ ଖାଇଛି।

2. I have done my work. — ମୁଁ ମୋ କାମ କରିଛି।

Interrogative-Negative:

1. Has he not taken food? — ସେ ଖାଇନାହିଁ କି?

2. Hasn't he taken food? — ସେ ଖାଇନାହିଁ କି?

3. Have I not done my work? — ମୁଁ ମୋ କାମ କରିନାହିଁ କି?

4. Haven't I done my work? — ମୁଁ ମୋ କାମ କରିନାହିଁ କି?


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