Tense and Translation (Present Indefinite Structure ) Unit 4

କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ଅବସ୍ଥା (State of an action)

Present Tense ରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ 4 ପ୍ରକାରରେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତ କରାଯାଏ:

1. Present Indefinite

2. Present Continuous

3. Present Perfect

4. Present Perfect Continuous


 (Examples)

1. He plays. —( Simple Present / Present                                                                    Indefinite)

2. He is playing. — (Present Continuous)

3. He has played. —( Present Perfect)

4. He has been playing for three hours. —          ( Present Perfect Continuous)

   

SIMPLE PRESENT / PRESENT INDEFINITE

                                        (STRUCTURE)

 

1. ମୁଁ ଖେଳେ — I play.

2. ସେ ଲେଖେ — He writes.

3. ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପୂର୍ବଦିଗରୁ ଉଦୟ ହୁଏ — The Sun rises in the East.

4. ଏଠାରେ ଟ୍ରେନ୍‌ ଆସୁଛି — Here comes the train.

5. ସେ ସଦା ସତ୍ୟ କହେ — He always speaks the truth.

6. ମୁଁ କାନ୍ଦେ — I weep.

7. ରମେଶ୍ ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ସକାଳ 6ଟାରେ ଚଲିବାକୁ ଯାଏ — Ramesh goes for a walk at 6 A.M.

8. ମୋ ବାପା ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟା 7ଟାରେ ଘରକୁ ଆସନ୍ତି — My father comes home at 7 P.M.

9. ଆମ କଲେଜ୍ ଜୁଲାଇ ମାସରେ ଖୋଲେ — Our college opens in the month of July.

10. ଆମେ ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ଶିମଲାକୁ ଯାଉ — We go to Shimla every year.


     Subject + V1 (s / es) + Object

📌  s କିମ୍ବା es 3rd person singular subject (he, she, it, singular noun) ସହିତ ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଏ।

ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ବାକ୍ୟ 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 ଓ 9 ରେ verb ସହିତ s କିମ୍ବା es ଲାଗିଛି।

👉ଏହା କେବେ ଘଟେ  - (s / es କେବେ ଲାଗେ)

ଯେତେବେଳେ subject (କର୍ତ୍ତା) singular number ଓ third person ଥାଏ, ସେତେବେଳେ Present Indefinite Tense ରେ verb ସହିତ s କିମ୍ବା es ଯୋଡ଼ାଯାଏ।

👉Singular Number କ’ଣ?

Singular = ଏକବଚନ (one)

Plural = ବହୁବଚନ (more than one)

📌 Singular number = ଯାହା ଗୋଟିଏ (ଜଣେ, ଏକଟି)

📌 Plural number = ଯାହା ଅଧିକ (ଦୁଇ କିମ୍ବା ତାଠାରୁ ବେଶି)

Third Person କ’ଣ?

First person: ଯେତେବେଳେ ମୁଁ କିମ୍ବା ଆମେ କହୁଛୁ (I, we)

Second person: ଯେତେବେଳେ ତୁମେ / ଆପଣ କୁହାଯାଉଛ (you)

Third person: ଯେତେବେଳେ ଆମେ ଅନ୍ୟ କାହାକୁ ନେଇ କହୁଛୁ (he, she, it, Ram, the Sun, etc.)

👉ନିୟମ (Rule):

Present Indefinite Tenseରେ —

Singular + Third person subject → Verb + s / es

ଉଦାହରଣ:

He writes. ✅

She goes. ✅

The Sun rises. ✅

My father comes. ✅


❌ I writes (ଭୁଲ) — କାରଣ I = first person, singular, s/es ଲାଗେନାହିଁ।


1. Simple Present ରେ s / es କେବେ ଲାଗେ?

ଯଦି subject = singular number + third person (he, she, it, Ram, etc.)
➡️ Verb ସହିତ s କିମ୍ବା es ଯୋଡ଼ାଯାଏ।


👉 es କେବେ ଲାଗେ?


ଯଦି verb ss, o, z, x, ch, sh ରେ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ,

ଏବଂ subject = singular number, third person,
➡️ verb ସହିତ es ଯୋଡ଼ାଯାଏ।


ଉଦାହରଣ:

1. I go → He goes ✅


2. I kiss → She kisses ✅


3. We search → He searches ✅


4. They fetch → She fetches ✅


5. We clash → He clashes ✅


6. I quiz → He quizzes ✅



👉 s କେବେ ଲାଗେ?


ଯଦି verb ss, o, z, x, ch, sh ରେ ଶେଷ ନୁହେଁ,
➡️ singular number, third person subject ପାଇଁ s ଲାଗିବ।


ଉଦାହରଣ:

1. We play → He plays ✅


2. I pray → He prays ✅


3. You say → He says ✅


4. I pay → He pays ✅



👉y → ies କେବେ ହୁଏ?

ଯଦି verb y ରେ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ ଏବଂ y ପୂର୍ବରେ consonant (ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ) ରହେ,
➡️ singular number, third person subject ପାଇଁ y → ies ହୁଏ।


ଉଦାହରଣ:

1. They fly kites → He flies kites ✅


2. I try → Sita tries ✅


3. Girls cry → Suman cries ✅


4. I verify → She verifies ✅


Present Indefiniteର Negative & Interrogative Structure


Negative:


Subject + do/does not + V1 + Object

📌 Does = singular number, third person subject ପାଇଁ
📌 Do = I, we, you, they, plural subjects ପାଇଁ

ଉଦାହରଣ:

He does not play cricket.

I do not like tea.



Interrogative:


Do/Does + Subject + V1 + Object ?

ଉଦାହରଣ:

Does he play cricket?

Do you like tea?



Negative ଓ Interrogative ବାକ୍ୟରେ V1 ସହିତ s / es ଲାଗେନାହିଁ

📌 Negative ଓ Interrogative ବାକ୍ୟରେ do କିମ୍ବା does ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ,
ତେଣୁ main verb (V1) ରେ s/es ଲାଗେନାହିଁ।




Does କେବେ ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଏ?

👉Singular Number + Third Person Subject (he, she, it, Ram, the boy, etc.) ପାଇଁ does ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଏ।

👉I, we, you, they, plural subjects ପାଇଁ do ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଏ।




👉Affirmative – Negative – Interrogative Table

  Affirmative (ସାଧାରଣ)      

  Negative (ନାକାରାତ୍ମକ)               

  Interrogative (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ)


  I play chess.                
  I do not play chess.                       
  Do I play chess?


   He goes to office.       
   He does not go to office.              
   Does he go to office?



   They write a lesson.      
   They do not write a lesson.             
   Do they write a lesson?

    It rains.                      
    It does not rain.                         
    Does it rain?

   We sing a song.      
   We do not sing a song.      
    Do we sing a song?



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📌 ଧ୍ୟାନରେ ରଖନ୍ତୁ:

Affirmative (Positive) ବାକ୍ୟରେ singular third person subject ପାଇଁ verb + s/es ଲାଗେ।

Negative ଓ Interrogative ବାକ୍ୟରେ verb = V1 (without s/es), କାରଣ does/do ପୂର୍ବରୁ main verbରେ s/es ଦିଆଯାଏନାହିଁ।


ମୁଁ ଏହି Interrogative-Negative Sentences ବିଷୟକୁ ସହଜ ଓଡ଼ିଆରେ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା + ଉଦାହରଣ ଟେବୁଲ୍ ସହିତ ଦେଉଛି —


Interrogative-Negative Sentences

ଯେତେବେଳେ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଏବଂ ନାକାରାତ୍ମକତା ଏକେ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଥାଏ, ସେହି ବାକ୍ୟକୁ Interrogative Negative Sentence କୁହାଯାଏ।

ଏହା 2 ପ୍ରକାରରେ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇପାରେ।

Structure

Structure I:


Do/Does + Subject + Not + V1 + Object ?

ଉଦାହରଣ:

Does he not go to market?

Do I not play football?


Structure II:


Don’t/Doesn’t + Subject + V1 + Object ?

ଉଦାହରଣ:

Doesn’t he go to market?

Don’t I play football?




Affirmative 
➡Interrogative 
➡Negative 



He goes to market. 
➡ Does he not go to market?  
➡    Doesn’t he go to market?

I play football. 
➡   Do I not play footbal?
➡ Don’t I play football?

They write a letter. 
➡  Do they not write a letter?     
 ➡   Don’t they write a letter?

 She sings well.
➡  Does she not  sing well?     
➡ Doesn’t she sing well?

   We eat rice.
   ➡   Do we not eat rice?         
   ➡    Don’t we eat rice?



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📌 ଧ୍ୟାନରେ ରଖନ୍ତୁ:


1. Interrogative Negativeରେ main verb = V1 (s/es ବିନା)


2. Singular number + third person subject ପାଇଁ Does / Doesn’t ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଏ।


3. Plural subject, I, we, you, they ପାଇଁ Do / Don’t ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଏ।




-Present Indefiniteର Negative ଓ Interrogative ବାକ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ ନିୟମ

1️⃣ Negative ଓ Interrogative ବାକ୍ୟରେ main verb (V1) ସହିତ s କିମ୍ବା es ଲାଗେନାହିଁ।

କାରଣ — ସେଠାରେ do/does already ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ।


2️⃣ Singular number + Third person subject (he, she, it, Ram, etc.) ପାଇଁ does / doesn’t ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବାକୁ ପଡେ।

ଏଥିରେ main verb = V1 (without s/es)



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ଉଦାହରଣ

Affirmative → Negative → Interrogative

1. He goes to school.

Negative: He does not go to school.                                            ❌ (Not “goes”)

Interrogative: Does he go to school?                                          ❌ (Not “goes”)



2. She writes a letter.

Negative: She doesn’t write a letter.

Interrogative: Does she write a letter?



3. They play cricket.

Negative: They do not play cricket.

Interrogative: Do they play cricket?





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📌 ମୁଖ୍ୟ କଥା:

Affirmative (Positive) sentenceରେ singular 3rd person subject ପାଇଁ s/es ଲାଗେ।

Negative ଓ Interrogative sentenceରେ କେବେଭି s/es ଲାଗେନାହିଁ, କାରଣ do/does already main verb ପୂର୍ବରେ ଥାଏ।



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